04/19/2026
In the 1930s, a federal program changed Navajo life forever in a way that still carries weight today.
It unfolded on the land of the Navajo Nation, where sheep were not just animals but family, wealth, and identity.
For generations, Navajo families had built their world around livestock, especially Navajo Churro sheep. These herds were carefully managed and passed down, growing from a few thousand after 1868 to hundreds of thousands by the early 1900s.
To the outside world, it looked like overgrazing.
To the Navajo, it was survival and tradition working together on a harsh landscape.
Then came the government plan. Officials worried about soil erosion and damage to the land, and in 1933 a livestock reduction program was launched under John Collier at the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
What started as “voluntary” quickly turned into forced action.
Agents bought, seized, and in many cases slaughtered large numbers of sheep right on the reservation.
Families stood and watched as animals they had raised for years were taken away. For many, it felt like losing a piece of themselves.
Women were hit the hardest since they managed most of the herds and household economy. Overnight, many lost their independence and financial security.
Even today, this period is remembered as a deep turning point, a moment when policy and culture collided with lasting consequences.